Sir Arthur Conan Doyle introduced the character Sherlock Holmes in A Study in Scarlet in 1887.

Jane Austen published Pride and Prejudice in 1813; it remains one of the most popular novels in English literature.

Baang-e-Dara (The Call of the Marching Bell) is the first collection of Urdu poetry by Allama Muhammad Iqbal.

Herman Melville's Moby-Dick was published in 1851 and is known for its intricate symbolism and themes.

Ernest Hemingway won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea.

Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, published in 1719, is frequently cited as the first English novel.

Arundhati Roy won the Booker Prize in 1997 for her debut novel, The God of Small Things.

The Odyssey is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer.

Mirat-ul-Uroos, published in 1869 by Deputy Nazir Ahmed, is widely considered the first novel in Urdu literature.

Victor Hugo published Les Misérables in 1862, which is considered one of the greatest novels of the 19th century.

George Orwell wrote Animal Farm as an allegorical novella reflecting events leading up to the Russian Revolution.

Fyodor Dostoevsky is celebrated for exploring human psychology in the troubled political, social, and spiritual atmosphere of 19th-century Russia.

Samuel Beckett, an Irish avant-garde novelist and playwright, wrote Waiting for Godot, which premiered in 1953.

Charles Dickens published A Tale of Two Cities in 1859; it is one of his most famous historical novels.

Mohsin Hamid is a contemporary Pakistani novelist whose work, The Reluctant Fundamentalist, was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize.

Miguel de Cervantes wrote Don Quixote, which is considered the first modern novel and a foundational work of Western literature.

The Divine Comedy is a long Italian narrative poem by Dante Alighieri, widely considered the pre-eminent work of Italian literature.

Marie Curie received the Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) and Chemistry (1911).

M.S. Swaminathan is widely credited for leading the Green Revolution in India, while Norman Borlaug is the global founder.